micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

The tetrads of the micrococci, the grape like clusters of the staphylococci, and the pairs and/or chains of the streptococci are shown. After you have cultivated your organism on agar media, the next step is the microscopic examination. It can be easily be mistaken for staphylococci, as they are very similar morphologically and physiologically (Wikipedia, Staphlyococcus Aureus). While defining the characteristics of the Micrococcus are the ability to produce acid aerobically from the aesculin hydrolysis, glucose glycerol, arginine dihydrolase, motility, major pigment production, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. They are generally strict aerobes and can generally reduce nitrate. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, An exploration into a pharmacists microbes, An exploration of microbes present in the blood of processed moose. The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. [7], In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila. The bubbling reaction is almost immediate and distinct in appearance. They also produce yellow or pink colonies when they are grown on the mannitol salt agar, micrococcus flavus, M. terreus, and M. yunnanensis. The negative oxidase result conflicts with M. luteus (Public Health England). // Bacteria Collection: Micrococcus luteus Additional Information. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, motile -non motile, that are 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter and usually arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. When a drop of peroxide is placed on catalase-producing bacteria, bubbles appear when the oxygen gas is formed. Microbiome 2(27). It has multiple antibiotic resistance genes including dihydropteroate synthase, glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, and SSU ribosomal proteins. They are fairly ubiquitous in the environment, and are small (0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter) and non-motile. DNA release from the cell is coupled with adsorption of DNA onto a silica spin-column . They are catalase-positive and usually aerobic with strictly respiratory metabolism. Motility (Motile / Non-Motile) Non-Motile. The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. CCTC (English) Staphylococcus spp. Micrococcus luteusare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. The streptococci and enterococci are categorized by expression of either beta, alpha, or gamma hemolysis on sBAP, depending on the genus/species. Streptococci and enterococci are observed to produce pairs and chains of cocci of varying length. I repeated this process three more times to further purify the colony. (2019, March 14). The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. Finally, when looking at the API 20E strip none of the results returned positive despite the culture being active and fresh from being streaked recently. Intermediates or end products of these varied metabolic activities can be detected by performing biochemical assays on a bacterial culture. 1995; Wieser et al. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. To sample, I used sterile cotton swabs and streaked them on TSA plates. Micrococci can often carry plasmids that provide the organism with useful traits. Obtain a glucose fermentation tube. 2. November 27, 2021 at 9:14 AM Hi sir, why Macrococcus and Micrococcus will not ferment . Where the M. luteus can cause severe skin infections and is sometimes clinically mistaken for Staphylococcus aureus. Abstract: Gliotoxin, an epipolythiodioxopiperazine, is a fungal metabolite that causes genomic DNA degradation preferentially in certain blood cell types including T lymphocytes and macrophages. The M. luteus genome encodes about four sigma factors and fourteen response regulators, a finding indicative of the adaptation to a rather strict ecological niche. From four species that have been identify, only Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta that show ability to block pathogen bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. Principle of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram positive cocci possessing catalase enzyme. They grow on simple media and their colonies are usually pigmented. All three types of hemolytic reactions are represented on this slide. Source publication +9 Isolation and Identification of Potential Pathogenic Bacteria in Living Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) Sold in. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. The EMB agar showed no growth or change in color, also indicating the microbe was gram positive and a non-fermenter. This microbe forms large, round colonies. 1. The results of this analysis are shown in table 1. M. luteus can also cause septic shocks in immuno-compromised people. Micrococcaceae. Make a tape label writing the color dot, your name, and the name of the media. The colonies are a pale, translucent yellow, and are shiny when looked at in the light. It had 27,372 contigs in assembly. Characteristics. The Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, and Cefazdin antibiotics showed obvious susceptibility, with most of them having enormous rings of 50 to 52 millimeters while the threshold for resistance is only 15 millimeters. The bacterium also colonizes the mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract. 900 Seventh Street, NW Suite 400 We found this to be true because the filter paper turned blue, which showed that the species has the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by. The colony forms as a yellow, shiny round blob. It has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years, as assessed by 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer. 1. In conclusion, some of my results were inconclusive and conflicting. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. Bharath. (2010) What are microbes? In the final section of a study, it is essential to present important information, techniques, and variables. It is difficult to differentiate Kocuria from Micrococcus with conventional biochemical methods; therefore, these organisms are often reported together as Micrococcus/Kocuria species. M. luteus oxidize carbohydrates to form carbon dioxide and water, and it does not produce acid from the glucose as well as it does not make arginine dihydrolase or b-galactosidase. A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. The identified reads only made up a total of twenty seven percent of the total reads, but the majority of those reads were for M. luteus. They are found in many other places in the environment, including dust, water, and soil. Therefore I used this as my location to take my environmental sample from. The micrococci produce tetrads consisting of 4 cocci clustered together. Methods: To start isolating the bacterium, I used a sterile swab wet with deionized water provided by the lab to pick up bacteria from the shower drain. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. A positive test leads to the development of blue or purple-blue on the disc within two minutes. I extracted the DNA using the PowerSoil DNA kit (manufactured by Qiagen) following manufacturer instructions. They can even survive in conditions that have very little of even no oxygen, using glycolysis and alternative electron acceptors to create ATP. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Organisms commonly found on the body include Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium species (Dermnet New Zeland). A number of sophisticated tools are now available for clinical diagnosis. When looking at the genetic tests, most of the identified strains in the Korona test are Micrococcus luteus. M. luteus is considered an opportunistic pathogen that can be responsible for some of the nosocomial infections. Klebsiella pneumoniae Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus roseus Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus . CATALASE TEST: Catalases are enzymes that convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen gas. Biochemical Tests in Microbiology answer sheet - Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Pre-Laboratory - Studocu Biochemical Tests in Microbiology lab answer sheet biochemical tests in microbiology questions why do some microbes specialize to use different food source than Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home AACC.org Sarah D. Perkins., Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. 2-9 In these reports micrococci were identified on the basis of their . Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus spp. These organisms range in virulence potential from commensal organisms found on the skin and mucous membranes to pathogens associated with serious infections. Micrococcus luteus, a commonly found member of the Micrococcaceae, produces round colonies which are convex (curving outward) with smooth, entire margins. Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. All of these are described in the lab 6 handout and were kept in the incubator at 38 degrees Celsius. M. luteus tests positive for catalase, oxidase, utilization of D-glucose, sucrose and D-mannose, and has A2 type peptidoglycan that contains L-lysine as the diagnostic amino acid, MK-8 and MK-8 (H 2) are the major menaquinones (Stackebrandt et al. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). 1. The data on the GC content of the DNA, chemical cell wall analysis, and a comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences. Enterococcus spp. Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. Further tests that I would do would be testing how much heat resistance it has, the density of a broth suspended sample using a dilution series, test for more antibiotic resistances, and how well it can grow in antibacterial mediums and mediums of different pH levels. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. It is mostly Actinobacteria, but some Proteobacteria and Firmicules are in the sample as well. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of proteins that can bind to penicillin. Micrococcus luteus is a constituent of the normal human buccal bacterial flora which forms yellowish colonies and appears as a gram-positive coccus typically arranged in tetrads. The tests that did not agree were most likely from not having an active colony used in the experiment, such as the oxidase test being negative or the API 20 E test strip showing that the isolate did not reduce nitrate, which it does, referencing Medical Laboratories. Benecky M. J.; Frew J. E.; Scowen N; Jones P, Hoffman B. M (1993). Micrococcus luteus uses the amino acids and does not grow in the butt of the slant. Micrococcus also not able to ferment glucose anaerobically (negative) Reply. Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. I used the PATRIC software to perform a metagenome binning and to assign a taxonomy to the bacteria. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. 570 . Enterococcus faecalis. M. luteus has a G-C content of about 65-75 mol%. Your email address will not be published. Bacteria Detail., The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. This is likely either a cause of human error, unpure cultures, or not using agar plates that are fresh enough for the test. While every effort is made to ensure details distributed by Culture Collections are accurate, Culture Collections cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies in the data supplied. Each family of Gram-positive cocci has its own unique configuration. An obligate aerobe, M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of the mammalian skin. This lines up with M. luteus resistances from the tests. ? When viewing the organism microscopically, the staining characteristics of the organism provide important information for identification. The EMB plate is also selective for gram-negative bacteria which is probably why the bacteria didnt grow on it. It is Gram positive, Coagulase positive, catalase and oxidase positive non-motile bacteria. Micrococcus species are strictly aerobic Gram-positive cocci arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters, and cells range from 0.5 to 3 m in diameter. Micrococcus as the cause of infections is easy to overlook because the infections that are caused by this bacterium are rare as well as the bacterium is a natural part of the skin's bacterial flora. Micrococcus Catalase Test: The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. Micrococcus spp. M. luteus causes odours in humans when breaking down the components of sweat. I then streaked the exposed swab onto a petri dish to allow the organisms to grow, incubating them at 25 degrees Celsius in a dark cabinet. Then to actually isolate a bacterium, I chose a colony from the initial plate and did a quadrant streak of it to further isolate the bacterium, and then incubated it at 38 degrees Celsius for a week. Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive to Gram-variable, nonmotile, tetrad-arranging, pigmented, saprotrophic coccus bacterium in the family Micrococcaceae. Ans: Micrococci, like many other representatives of the Actinobacteria, can be catabolically versatile, with the ability to utilize a wide range of unusual substrates, such as herbicides, pyridine, chlorinated biphenyls, and oil. Reaction: To test for the presence of alpha amylase, a starch hydrolysis test can be performed. It shows that it is mostly Actinobacteria, with some firmicules ,and proteobacteria mixed in (Figure 2). M. lylae can be distinguished from the closely related species Micrococcus luteus by lysozyme susceptibility, genetic composition, and the type of cell-wall peptidoglycan. What are the Uses of Micrococcus Gram Stain? SUMMARY: 1250 Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci were isolated from bacon, pig and human skin and dust, and their morphology, physiology and biochemical characters examined. Micrococcus luteus characteristics possess unusual abilities to tolerate and to use very toxic organic molecules as carbon sources and it combines these activities with tolerance to metals. Micrococcus A study with 188 micrococci, identified only to the genus level, demonstrated MICs at achievable concentrations for most -lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, clindamycin and the most active drug in vitro, rifampin. Oral microbial flora of reptiles includes bacteria from Proteus, Porphyromonas, Micrococcus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera 5,8,15. Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that is present in the Micrococcaceae family. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. As mentioned, the type of hemolytic reaction produced on sBAP is a major clue toward the identification of the genus. They are positive for catalase and oxidase ( modified). Micrococcus luteuswere discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming before he discovered penicillin in 1928. Some of the Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria, for example, M. roseus produces reddish colonies and M. luteus produces yellow colonies. Most of the bacterium in the gram stains were gram negative, but a significant amount, about twenty percent, showed up as gram positive. What are the Diseases that are Caused By Micrococcus? Wikipedia contributors. Micrococcus luteus was one of the early examples of novel codon usage,[5][6] which led to the conclusion that the genetic code is not static, but evolves. These results might not be trustworthy. The catalase test tests to see if the microbe contains catalase. I isolated the DNA by lysing the cell and using the Power Sol DNA Isolation Kit to isolate the DNA from the other parts of the cell. Similar to the situation in the prosthetic valve endocarditis that is caused by more aggressive and highly resistant bacteria. When looking at the antibiotic test results, the isolate is resistant to none of the applied antibiotics, and is only lightly to intermediately resistant to oxacillin. The differentiation of the Gram-positive cocci encompasses 4 main exercises used to compare and contrast the characteristics of each family: These four tests will, as we shall see, allow for the differentiation of the families of organisms and will guide the laboratorian to other more definitive tests for the identification of the organism. The partial decomposition of the hemoglobin of the erythrocytes by a weaker hemolysin. Due to the thick structure of the bacterial cell wall, Gram-positive cocci retain the primary Grams stain, Crystal Violet. nishinomiyaensis and Micrococcus luteus. Ans: Although it is a harmless saprophyte, Micrococcus luteus can act as an opportunistic pathogen. The catalase and the oxidase tests came up negative, because the catalase test did not form bubbles, and the oxidase test did not see a color change. Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. Only those with compromised immune systems are thought to be susceptible to an infection.DisinfectionM. Micrococci are usually not pathogenic. (2) Micrococcus spp. The pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is notably coagulase-positive while most other members of the family are coagulase-negative. Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . Micrococcus luteus pigment (Yellow) GLUCOSE FERMENTATION TEST This test detects the ability of the bacterium to break down glucose to pyruvic acid. Once a presumptive identification has been made based on colony and microscopic morphology and the catalase reaction, additional tests can be performed to establish the genus and species of the organism. M. luteus has a G-C content of about 65-75 mol%. 2002 can be divided into three biovars that are distinguished by several chemotaxonomic and biochemical traits: biovar I represented by the type strain of Micrococcus luteus; biovar II represented by strain D7 DSM 14234 CCM 4959; and biovar III . Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. Pearls of Laboratory Medicine I performed many tests to find out the colony morphology and physiology. Micrococcus spp. The results of these tests provide a biochemical profile, or "fingerprint," that can be used to classify or even identify the bacterial species. The species Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. I also grew it in a MacConkey (MAC) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with both crystal violet and bile salts to further confirm if it was gram negative or positive. It is an opportunistic pathogen, only pathogenic enough to cause disease in weakened immune systems (Medical Laboratories). The colony morphology is the same as well, being round, shiny, and sort of flat (Medical Laboratories). Staphylococcus aureus. Although it's tempting to write a summary of the entire study but it . The majority of staphylococcal species produce non-pigmented colonies with smooth margins, as opposed to the important pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, which produces the characteristic colonies seen here. They are catalase positive and often oxidase positive although this reaction may be weak (see Table 23.3 ). Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. In this presentation, we will discuss the fundamentals of the primary identification of those microorganisms that are members of four main families of Gram-positive cocci, the Micrococcaceae, the Staphylococcaceae, the Streptococcaceae, and the Enterococcaceae. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. Genus: Micrococcus. "Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances Micrococcus spp", "Genome sequence of the Fleming strain of Micrococcus luteus, a simple free-living actinobacterium", "Role of GC-biased mutation pressure on synonymous codon choice in Micrococcus luteus, a bacterium with a high genomic GC-content", "Reclassification of ATCC 9341 from Microccus luteus to Kocuria rhizophila", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=1132534318, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 09:24. The name of the genus is also called " Germanized " is written as Micrococcus. // The categorization of bacteria in the clinical laboratory is based on the reactivity of the organism when stained by the Grams staining reagents. Note the bright yellow, non-diffusable colony pigment which is a defining characteristic of M. luteus. It has been associated with causing a variety of illnesses including septic arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis, chronic cutaneous infections in HIV-positive patients, and catheter infections. Gram Stain:Gram-positive cocci, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus. The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. See answer (1) best answer. This is a test for aerobic (able to use oxygen) catalase-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. Wikipedia also says that Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe, backing up what my results show (2019). The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. Only the Micrococcus luteus species contained cytochrome c oxidase. I also did a fluid thioglycolate test to determine the bacterias oxygen class. // Most of these are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus which is found in Antarctica, are psychrophiles. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. The genus Micrococcus consists of Gram-positive spheres occurring in tetrads and in irregular clusters that are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. Under the microscope they are round cells. I chose to sample bacteria from inside my roommates nose. There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by leukemia from the pulmonary hemorrhages because of Micrococcus. The genome of the Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine, they typically exhibit about 65 to 75% GC-content. Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Iranian Medicinal-Plants against Micrococcus Luteus, Serratia Marcescens, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Bordetella Bronchoseptica.. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. Kaiju webserver metagenome binning analysis chart. There are 3 biovars of this organismand they possess quite diverse chemotaxonomic features with respect to their menaquinone systems, cell-wall compositions, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy patterns, as well as biochemical properties. M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of Lysozyme which is the bodys natural antibiotic. The oxygen class of the microbe, obligate aerobe, matches up with the predictions I had made about it because the bacteria was originally sourced in a nostril. I also had to do the thyoglycate test 3 times to get a conclusive result, further making me skeptical of how active the culture was during the physical tests during week 6, which is where almost all of the inconsistencies arose. This bacterium is often arranged in the form of circular tetrads and it forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. The large polysaccharide molecule starch contains two parts, amylose and amylopectin, these are rapidly hydrolyzed using a hydrolase called alpha-amylase to produce smaller molecules: dextrins, maltose, and glucose. Included in the observation of the morphology of the colony is the effect that the bacterial growth has on the sheep erythrocytes in the agar medium. 2019). View Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx from BIOL 250L at University of South Carolina. M. luteus is the majority of reads on the species level. 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